Human displacements due to climate change
the Teitiota versus New Zealand case
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18226/22370021.v13.n2.06Keywords:
Human Rights Committee, Forced displacements, Climate change, Non-refoulement principle, The Teitiota v. New Zealand caseAbstract
This article deals with forced human displacements due to sea-level rise, based on the analysis of the case Teitiota v New Zealand, considered by the UN Human Rights Committee. To this end, it analyzes the possibility of possible expansion of the scope of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees concerning forced displacement as a result of climate change. The methodology adopted in the present research is qualitative, through the analysis of primary sources such as the Judgments of New Zealand courts and the documents of the Human Rights Committee, with reference to secondary sources like articles, policy papers, and media data. The research concludes that although Kiribati is on the verge of compromising its territory, human displacements, due to sea-level rise, lack an appropriate legal institute that can deal with human rights violations.
References
AUST, Melanie. Climate change refugees: the landmark case of Teitiota v New Zealand. Air Quality News, dez. 23, 2020. Disponível em: < https://airqualitynews.com/2020/12/23/climate-change-refugees-the-landmark-case-of-teitiota-v-new-zealand/> Acesso em: 16 jan. 2022.
BEHRMAN, Simon; KENT, Avidan. Prospects for protection in light of the Human Rights Committee’s decision in Teitiota v New Zealand. The Polish Migration Review, 2021. Disponível em: <https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/prospects-for-protection-in-light-of-the-human-rights-committees> Acesso em: 25 nov. 2021.
________. The Teitiota Case and the limitations of the human rights framework. Questions of International Law, nov. 2020. Disponível em: http://www.qil-qdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/03_Teitiota-Case_BEHRMAN-KENT_FIN.pdf. Acesso em: 11 mar. 2021.
BUCHANAN, Kelly. New Zealand, "climate change refugee" case overview. Washington, D.C. The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2015. Disponível em: <https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2016295703/2016295703.pdf> Acesso em: 11 mar. 2021.
CARAMEL, Laurence. Besieged by the rising tides of climate change, Kiribati buys land in Fiji. The Guardian, jul. 1, 2014. Disponível em: <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/01/kiribati-climate-change-fiji-vanua-levu> Acesso em jan. 2022.
CLARO, Carolina de Abreu Batista. O Conceito de “Refugiado Ambiental”. In JUBILUT, Liliana Lyra. et al. (orgs). Refugiados Ambientais. Boa Vista: Editora da UFRR, 2018.
COLÓQUIO DE CARTAGENA. Declaração de Cartagena sobre Refugiados. Colóquio sobre Proteção Internacional dos Refugiados na América Central, México e Panamá: Problemas Jurídicos e Humanitários. Cartagena das Índias, 22 nov. 1984. Disponível em: <https://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/portugues/BD_Legal/Instrumentos_Internacionais/Declaracao_de_Cartagena.pdf>. Acesso em nov. 2021.
COMISSÃO INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS. 167º período de sessões. Resolução 2/18 de 2 de março de 2018. Bogotá, 2 mar. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.oas.org/pt/cidh/decisiones/pdf/Resolucao-2-18-pt.pdf>. Acesso em nov. 2021.
DIHN, Nguyen Quoc; DAILLIER, Patrick; PELLET, Alain. Direito Internacional Público. 2ª edição. Lisboa: Fundação Caluste Gulbekian, 2003.
GIBNEY, Matthew J.; HANSEN, Randall. Deportation and the liberal state: the forcible return of asylum seekers and unlawful migrants in Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom. February, 2003. UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. Disponível em: <https://www.unhcr.org/3e59de764.pdf>. Acessado em abr. 2022.
INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE RESOURCE CENTER. Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies in the United Nations System, 2018, p. 4. Disponível em: <https://ijrcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/8.-Exhaustion-of-Domestic-Remedies-UN-Treaty-Bodies.pdf> Acesso em: 17 jan. 2022.
JAROCHINSKI SILVA, João Carlos. A dificuldade de proteção dos deslocados ambientais e internos. In: JUBILUT, L. L.; BAHIA, A. G. M. F.; MAGALHÃES, J. L. Q. (orgs.). Direito à diferença 2: Aspectos de proteção específica às minorias e aos grupos vulneráveis. São Paulo: Saraiva, v. 2, 2013, pp. 523-538.
JETT, Jennifer. His country is sinking. So he’s rolling up his pants to make the point at COP26. NBC News. Nov. 9, 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/cop26-island-nations-risk-climate-change-struggle-make-point-rcna4912> Acesso em: 25 nov. 2021.
KIRIBATI. National Integrated Water Resource Management Diagnostic Report. Sustainable Integrated Water Resources and Wastewater Management in Pacific Island Countries, 2007, p. 74. Disponível em: <https://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Kiribati/38.pdf> Acesso em: 18 jan. 2022.
LAMBERT, Jean. Refugees and the Environment: The Forgotten Element of Sustainability. London: J. Lambert, 2002.
LOPES, José Alberto Azeredo. Alterações climáticas, iminência e proteção de direitos humanos: algumas notas a propósito do caso Teitiota c. Nova Zelândia. Revista de Direito Econômico e Socioambiental, Curitiba, v. 11, n. 1, p. 3-38, jan/abr. 2020.
MARKMAN, Debora; MANZO DE MISAILIDIS, Mirta Gladys Lerena. A Natureza de Jus Cogens do Princípio Do Non-Refoulement e suas Consequências no Direito Internacional dos Refugiados. Revista de Direito Brasileira, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 9, p. 257-276, jun. 2019. ISSN 2358-1352. Disponível em: <https://www.indexlaw.org/index.php/rdb/article/view/4603/4283>. Acesso em nov. 2021.
MAZZUOLI, Valério de Oliveira. Curso de Direitos Humanos. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2019, p. 54.
MCADAM, Jane. Current Developments - Protecting People Displaced by the Impacts of Climate Change: The UN Human Rights Committee and the Principle of Non-Refoulement. American Journal of International Law, 114(4), p. 708-725, 2020.
MCDONALD, Timm. The man who would be the first climate change refugee. BBC News. Nov. 5, 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34674374> Acesso em: 25 nov. 2021.
MOREIRA, Felipe Kern; SILVA, João Carlos Jarochinski. Deslocamentos humanos a partir da elevação do nível do mar. In: SILVA, Solange Teles da; SANTOS, Maurício Duarte dos; MENEZES, Daniel Nagao (orgs.). Direitos, Cidadania e desenvolvimento sustentável. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Eseni Editora, 2020.
MURILLO, Juan Carlos. Os legítimos interesses de segurança dos Estados e a proteção internacional de refugiados. Sur – Revista Internacional de Direitos Humanos. São Paulo, v. 6, n. 10, p. 120-137, jun. 2009. Disponível em: <https://www.scielo.br/pdf/sur/v6n10/a07v6n10.pdf > Acesso em: 12 mar. 2021.
NEW ZEALAND. Rights of Refugees - Tikanga o ngä Tängata Rerenga. Human Rights in New Zealand 2010, 2010, p. 337-339. Disponível em: <https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/3914/2388/0522/HRNZ_10_rights_of_refugees.pdf> Acesso em: 16 jan. 2022.
________. Immigration and Protection Tribunal New Zealand. IOANE TEITIOTA v THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE MINISTRY OF BUSINESS, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT. Before: B. L. Burson (Member), 2013a. Disponível em: <http://www.nzlii.org/nz/cases/NZIPT/2013/800413.html> Acesso em: 25 nov. 2021.
________. High Court of New Zealand. IOANE TEITIOTA v THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE MINISTRY OF BUSINESS INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT. Judgment of Priestley J., 2013b. Disponível em: <https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/pdf/jdo/56/alfresco/service/api/node/content/workspace/SpacesStore/6f4d600a-373f-4ff8-8ba1-500fb7cc94b0/6f4d600a-373f-4ff8-8ba1-500fb7cc94b0.pdf> Acesso em: 08 jul. 2021.
________. Court of Appeal of New Zealand. IOANE TEITIOTA v THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE MINISTRY OF BUSINESS, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT. Reasons of the Court given by Wild J., 2014. Disponível em: <https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/pdf/jdo/b8/alfresco/service/api/node/content/workspace/SpacesStore/70056dfa-a205-4baf-9d8d-e97ed5244899/70056dfa-a205-4baf-9d8d-e97ed5244899.pdf> Acesso em: 25 nov. 2021.
________. Supreme Court of New Zealand. IOANE TEITIOTA v THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF THE MINISTRY OF BUSINESS, INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENT, 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/2015/sc7_2015ioaneteitiotavcembieleave.pdf> Acesso em: 08 jul. 2021.
OLIVEIRA, Maria José Galleno de Souza. Refugiados Ambientais: Uma Nova Categoria De Pessoas Na Ordem Jurídica Internacional. Revista Internacional de Direito e Cidadania, n. 7, p. 123-132, junho/2010.
ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Convenção Relativa ao Estatuto Dos Refugiados. GA/RES 2198 (XXI), 1951. Disponível em: <http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/Documentos/portugues/BDL/Convencao_relativa_ao_Estatuto_dos_Refugiados.pdf> Acesso em: 11 mar. 2021.
ORGANIZAÇÃO DE UNIDADE AFRICANA. Convenção que rege os aspectos específicos dos problemas dos refugiados em África. Adis-Abeba, 10 set. 1969. Disponível em: <https://www.fafich.ufmg.br/~luarnaut/convencao_oua.pdf>. Acesso em nov. 2021.
PEIXER, Janaína Freiberger Benkendorf. O reconhecimento do status de refugiado ambiental: um problema conceitual? Meridiano 47 - Journal of Global Studies, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 148, p. 34-40, may 2015. ISSN 1518-1219. Disponível em: <http://ojs.bce.unb.br/index.php/MED/article/view/M47e16010>. Acesso: 23 nov. 2021.
PICCHI, Marta. Climate Change and the Protection of Human Rights: The Issue of Climate Refugees. US-China Law Review. v. 13, p. 576-583, 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.davidpublisher.com/Public/uploads/Contribute/57aa872623cf7.pdf> Acesso em: 07 jul. 2021.
REZEK, José Francisco. Direito internacional público: curso elementar. – 15. ed. rev. e atual. – São Paulo: Saraiva, 2014.
RIVE, Vernon. Is an enhanced non-refoulement regime under the ICCPR the answer to climate change-related human mobility challenges in the Pacific? Reflections on Teitiota v New Zealand in the Human Rights Committee. Questions of International Law, nov. 2020. Disponível em: <http://www.qil-qdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/02_TEITIOTA-CASE_RIVE_FIN.pdf> Acesso em: 18 nov. 2021.
ROSSI, Christopher, The Nomos of Climate Change and the Sociological Refugee in a Sinking Century (October 18, 2017). 50(3) George Washington International Law Review 613-652, 2018. Disponível em: <https://gwilr.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ILR-Vol-50.3-Rossi.pdf> Acesso em: 17 jan. 2022.
SHAW, Malcolm N. International Law. 4. ed. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
SILVA, José Carlos Loureiro da; REI, Fernando Cardozo Fernandes. Tuvalu: Atlântida Contemporânea. In JUBILUT, Liliana Lyra. et al. (Orgs). Refugiados Ambientais. Boa Vista: Editora da UFRR, 2018.
TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. A regra do esgotamento dos recursos internos revisitada: desenvolvimentos jurisprudenciais recentes no âmbito da proteção internacional dos direitos humanos. In: Liber Amicorum, Héctor Fix-Zamudio, vol. I. São José da Costa Rica: Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, Unión Europea, 1998.
UNITED NATIONS. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [1966]. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49. Disponível em:<https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/ccpr.pdf>. Acessado em abr. 2022.
________. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [1966b]. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 9. Disponível em: <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/ccpr-one.pdf>. Acessado em abr. 2022.
________. Conclusions of the work of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law. Adopted by the International Law Commission at its Fifty-eighth session, in 2006, and submitted to the General Assembly as a part of the Commission’s report covering the work of that session (A/61/10, para. 251). In: Yearbook of the International Law Commission. 2006. v. II, Part Two.
________. Security Council, 62nd year: 5663rd meeting, Tuesday, 17 April 2007, New York. Disponível em: <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/597431?ln=en>. Acessado em abr. 2022.
________. Ioane Teitiota v. New Zealand (advance unedited version), CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016, UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), 07/01/2020. Disponível: <https://www.refworld.org/cases,HRC,5e26f7134.html> Acesso em: 11 mar. 2021.
________. Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees For the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report - Universal Periodic Review of: New Zealand. UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2013. Disponível em: <https://www.refworld.org/docid/51b823ea6.html> Acesso em: 16 jan. 2022.
VIEIRA DE PAULA, Bruna. O Princípio do non-refoulement, sua Natureza Jus Cogens e a Proteção Internacional Dos Refugiados. Revista do Instituto Brasileiro de Direitos Humanos, [S.l.], n. 7, p. 51-68, dez. 2006. ISSN 1677-1419. Disponível em: <http://revista.ibdh.org.br/index.php/ibdh/article/view/94>. Acesso em: 22 nov. 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Environmental Law and Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A aprovação dos textos implica cessão imediata, automática, e sem ônus dos direitos de publicação na REVISTA DIREITO AMBIENTAL E SOCIEDADE (ISSN 2237-0021) que terá exclusividade para publicá-los em primeira mão.
O(s) autor(es) continuará(ão) a deter os direitos autorais para publicações posteriores. Os trabalhos publicados são licenciados sob a Creative Commons Attribution License que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho reconhecendo a autoria do trabalho e a publicação nesta revista.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
