Efficiency Of Court Decisions On Environmental Cases
A Comparative Analysis between the Netherlands and Turkiye
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18226/22370021.v13.n3.16Palavras-chave:
CEPEJ, environmental litigation;, judicial systems;, Netherlands.Resumo
This study built upon an investigation on the efficiency of the court decisions on ‘environmental issues’ with a comparative analysis in between the Netherlands and Turkiye. In this regard, first of all, it provides an overview on European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ)’s methodology and data referring to its evaluation reports. Secondly, it examines two judicial systems and their relative potential features regarding environmental litigation to understand on which basis a comparative analysis can be made on environmental litigation between Netherlands vs. Turkiye. Finally, based on its findings, two countries’ environmental cases are collected on the basis of a strict period, with a certain environmental case definition and pre-determined instance stage, and, it makes a comparative analysis in between its two case studies.
Downloads
Referências
Act on the Ombudsman Institution, No.6328. OJ Date: 29.2012, No.28338. Available at:
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6328.pdf. Accessed on: 12 July 2023.
Act on the Right of Access to Information, No.4982. OJ Date:9.10.2003; No. 25269. Available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4982&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5. Accessed on: 22 July 2023.
Act on the Use of the Right to Petition, No.3071. OJ Date: 10.11.1984, No. 18571.
Available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.3071.pdf. Accessed on: 17 July 2023.
Act to amend the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, No.6771. OJ Date: 11.02.2017, No. 29976.
Aksel, İ. Turkish Judicial System Bodies, Duties and Officials, The Ministry of Justice of Turkey, The Department for Strategy Development, 2013.
Aubyn, M St. Law and order efficiency measurement-A literature review. WP 19/2008/DE/UECE, 2008.
By-Law on Environment and Urbanization Council. OJ Date: 20.10.2011, No.28090. Available at: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/10/20111020-7.htm. Accessed on: 19 July 2023.
By-Law on the Working Procedures and Principles of the Higher Board for Environment and Local Environmental Boards. OJ Date:3.8.2013, No.28727.
Available at: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2013/08/20130803-2.htm. Accessed on: 12 June 2023.
Code of Civil Procedure No.6100. OJ Date: 4.2.2011, No.27836.
Available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6100.pdf. Accessed on: 11 July 2023.
Code of Lawyers No. 1136. OJ Date: 7.4.1969, No.13168.
Available at: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.1136.pdf. Accessed on: 21 July 2023.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) (1998). Available at:
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/documents/cep43e.pdf. Accessed on: 12 July 2023.
Council of State Act No 2575. OJ Date: 20.1.1982, No. 17580. Available at:
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2575&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5. Accessed on: 12 July 2023.
Council of Europe (CoE). Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 November 2010 at the 1098th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies), 2010. Available at:
https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/result_details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805afb78. Accessed on: 21 July 2023.
Council of Europe. European Judicial Systems, Efficiency and Quality of Justice, Overview. CEPEJ Studies, No. 26, 2018 Edition (2016 data), p.48-64, 2018.
Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (CSB). The Project on the Development of Legal and Institutional Infrastructure for Pilot ETS Implementation in Turkiye, Partnership for Carbon Market Readiness (PMR), 2020. Available at: https://pmrturkiye.csb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Taslak-Iklim-Kanunu-1.pdf. Accessed on: 10 August 2023.
Decree Law No.644 on the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. OJ Date: 4.7.2011, No. 27984. Available at:
http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/07/20110704M1-1.htm. Accessed on: 10 August 2023.
Dutch Code of Civil Procedure. Available at:
http://www.dutchcivillaw.com/civilprocedureleg.htm. Accessed on: 10 August 2023.
Environmental Management Act (EMA). Available at: wetten.nl- Regulation- Environmental Management Act- BWBR0003245 (overheid.nl).
European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ)-STAT. Available at:
https://www.coe.int/en/web/cepej/ dynamic-database-of-european-judicial-systems. Accessed on: 6 August 2023.
CEPEJ. Explanatory note to the scheme for evaluating judicial systems, 2020 - 2022 Cycle. (2020)18rev, Strasbourg, 7 May 2021, Explanatory.
CEPEJ. European judicial systems, Evaluation Report, 2020 Evaluation cycle (2018 data), Part 1-Tables, graphs and analyses,’ September 2020, 2020a.
CEPEJ. Netherlands’ Country Report, Reference data 2018 (01/01/2018- 31/12/2018), Start/end date of the data collection campaign: 01/03/2019- 01/10/2019, 2020b.
CEPEJ. Turkiye’s Country Report, Reference data 2018 (01/01/2018- 31/12/2018), Start/end date of the data collection campaign: 01/03/2019- 01/10/2019, 2020c.
European Court of Justice (ECJ). Judgment of the Court of 15 July 1964.
Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Giudice conciliatore di Milano- Italy. Case 6-64, 1964.
Garoupa, N. Challenges of comparative assessment of judicial efficiency. Keynote, Porto Workshop COST Action 20131: Efficient Justice for All, 1 July 2022, 2022.
General Administrative Law Act (GALA). Available at: wetten.nl- Regulation- General Administrative Law Act- BWBR0005537 (overheid.nl). Accessed on: 1 August 2023.
Gökalp Alıca, S.S. İdari Yargı Kararları Kapsamında Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi, Adalet Yayınevi, p.262-290, 2019.
Güneş, A.M. Çevre Hukuku, İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2015.
Human Environment and Transport Inspectorate (HETI). Dutch environmental monitoring and enforcement in a nutshell, ILT/Intelligence and Investigation Service.
Ministry of Justice (MoJ) (2019a). Justice Reform Strategy (2019), 53 (target 4.3)).
Available at: https://sgb.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/yrs. Accessed on: 3 August 2023.
MoJ. Adalet Bakanlığı Stratejik Planı (2019-2023), 2019b.
MoJ. Judicial Statistics (2022), 2022.
MoJ. Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, 2022 yılı Bakanlık Faaliyet Raporu, Şubat 2023, 2023.
Misdemeanor Act. No.5326. OJ Date: 31.3.2005, No.25772. Available at:
http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5326.pdf. Accessed on: 7 August 2023.
Presidential Decree No. 85 dated October 29, 2021 and numbered 31643. Available at: https://iklim.gov.tr/. Accessed on: 7 August 2023.
Procedure of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA), Act No. 2577. OJ Date: 20.1.1982, No. 17580. Available at: http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2577.pdf. Accessed on: 10 August 2023.
Savaşan, Z. The Development Process of Environmental Law in Turkey: The EU Impact. In Z. Savaşan&V. Sümer (eds.), Environmental Law&Policies in Turkey, APESS Series Vol.31, Switzerland:Springer Nature, p.7-32, 2020a.
Savaşan, Z. Drawing a General Framework for Turkish Environmental Law in Turkey. In Z.Savaşan&V.Sümer (eds.), Environmental Law&Policies in Turkey, APESS Series Vol.31, Switzerland:Springer Nature, p.33-54, 2020b.
Savaşan, Z. Dünden Bugüne ve Geleceğe Türk Çevre Hukuku ve Politikalarının Gelişimi. In Z. Savaşan&H. Ünay (eds.), Türk Çevre Hukuku ve Politikaları: Dünden Bugüne ve Geleceğe, Ankara:Seçkin Yayıncılık, p.47-76, 2021.
Savaşan, Z. National Legal and Institutional Gap Analysis, Final Draft Report, Turkey, The World Bank, Blueing the Black Sea (BBSEA) GEF Regional Project (P173890) (not published yet).
Supreme Court of the Netherlands. Case concerning the impact of Regulation 3280/85/EEC on criminal law, ECLI:NL:HR:2004:AR1797, 2004.
The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch Constitution, 2018. Available at: https://www.government.nl/documents/reports/2019/02/28/the-constitution-of-the-kingdom-of-the-netherlands. Accessed on: 6 August 2023.
The Constitution of Turkish Republic. TR Constitution, 1982. Available at:
https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/anayasa82.htm. Accessed on: 10 August 2023.
Turkish Criminal Code (No.5237). OJ Date:12.10.2004, No. 25611. Available at:
http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf. Accessed on: 9 August 2023.
Turkish Environment Act (No.2872). OJ Date: 11.8. 1983, No.18132. Available at:
http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2872.pdf. Accessed on: 10 August 2023.
By-Law on Union of Turkish Bar Associations Legal Aid. Available at:
https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/anasayfa/MevzuatFihristDetayIframe?MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatNo=5775&MevzuatTertip=5. Accessed on: 10 August 2023.
UYAP Citizen Portal. Available at: vatandas.uyap.gov.tr. Accessed on: 8 August 2023.
Verschuuren, J. The Role of the Judiciary in Environmental Governance in The Netherlands. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1291263. Accessed on: 8 August 2023.
Internet Sources
Netherlands
Access to Justice. Available at:
https://e-justice.europa.eu/300/EN/access_to_justice_in_environmental_matters?NETHERLANDS&member=1. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
District courts | Dutch judiciary (rechtspraak.nl) Available at:
https://www.government.nl/topics/administration-of-justice-and-dispute-settlement/the-dutch-court-system. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Dutch case law. Available at: www.rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch); De Raad van State, Council of State, Home- Council of State raadvanstate.nl or https://jure.nl/; De Raad van State, Council of State, Home - Council of State (raadvanstate.nl). Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Dutch legislation. Available at: https://www.wetten.nl;
https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/wetten-en-regelingen. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Land and Environment Courts, Sweden. Available at: https://www.domstol.se/hitta-domstol/mark--och-miljodomstolar/. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Legal Aid Service. Available at: www.rechtwijzer.nl; https://www.juridischloket.nl/. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Ministries, Available at: https://www.government.nl/ministries. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Online Platform for Environmental Information. Available at: Knowledge Centre InfoMil. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Prosecution Service. Available at:
https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/organisation/national-office-for-serious-fraud-environmental-crime-and-asset-confiscation. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
STAB. Independent, professional organisation with experts in the field of environmental law. Available at: STAB – Gerechtelijke Omgevingsdeskundigen. Accessed on:23 June 2023.
The Council for the Judiciary | Dutch judiciary (rechtspraak.nl). Accessed on:23 June 2023.
Turkiye
Change.og. Available at: https://www.change.org/p/t-c-cumhur-ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1-%C3%A7evre-davalari-kamu-davasi-sayilmali-yargilama-giderleri-hazineden-kar%C5%9Filanmalidir?fbclid=IwAR0iAL-LRuMVJI1fs1bmxsUJp5dkyT64l-FYWjSFgNEt6CP-Ob6Qf9O3st4. Accessed on:3 July 2023.
Climate Change Presidency. Available at: https://iklim.gov.tr/. Accessed on:3 July 2023.
Kabine. Available at: https://www.tccb.gov.tr/kabine/. Accessed on:3 July 2023.
Mağdur Bilgi/Adli Yardım. Available at: https://magdurbilgi.adalet.gov.tr/282/Adli-Yardim;
https://adliyardim.adalet.gov.tr/. Accessed on:3 July 2023.
Online platforms for environmental information. Available at: http://ecbs.cevre.gov.tr; http://sim.csb.gov.tr/. Accessed on:3 July 2023.
TR Case-law. Available at:
Danıştay Başkanlığı Karar Arama (danistay.gov.tr)
https://karararama.yargitay.gov.tr/YargitayBilgiBankasiIstemciWeb/
Kararlar Bilgi Bankası | Anayasa Mahkemesi. Accessed on:3 July 2023.
TR legislation. Available at: www.mevzuat.gov.tr; www.resmigazete.gov.tr. Accessed on:3 July 2023.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Direito Ambiental e Sociedade
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A aprovação dos textos implica cessão imediata, automática, e sem ônus dos direitos de publicação na REVISTA DIREITO AMBIENTAL E SOCIEDADE (ISSN 2237-0021) que terá exclusividade para publicá-los em primeira mão.
O(s) autor(es) continuará(ão) a deter os direitos autorais para publicações posteriores. Os trabalhos publicados são licenciados sob a Creative Commons Attribution License que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho reconhecendo a autoria do trabalho e a publicação nesta revista.
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.