Antecedents of the Concept of Travel Intention During the Pandemic: A Case Study from Turkey / Antecedentes do Conceito de Intenção de Viagem Durante a Pandemia: Um Estudo de Caso na Turquia
Keywords:
Tourism, Turismo, Covid-19, Fear, Medo, Vaccine, Vacina, Intention to Travel, Intenção de Viajar, Turkey, TurquiaAbstract
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of Covid-19 fear on travel intention and to test the mediating effect of reliance on vaccine in the relationship between fear of Covid-19 and travel intention. In this context, a structural model was created to examine these three variables: the relationship among fear of Covid-19, travel intention and trust in the vaccine. The quantitative study was carried out through a structural model in order to verify the behavior of the three variables together using Ibm Amos 24 package. A case study based on data collected from 467 public employees across Turkey supported empirically the study. At the end of the analysis, it was found that the fear of Covid-19 significantly and negatively affected the travel intention, while the fear of covid-19 significantly and negatively affected the trust in the vaccine, and no significant relationship was found between the trust in the vaccine and the travel intention. In the model in which the mediation effect was tested, it was found that trust in vaccine did not have a mediating effect on the relationship between fear of Covid-19 and travel intention. Considering these results, suggestions were made for the decision makers of travel, tourism and hospitality industry to be able to recover after the pandemic to create plan for policy and strategies.
KEYWORDS
Tourism; Covid-19; Fear; Vaccine; Intention to Travel; Turkey.
RESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo é o de revelar o efeito do medo da Covid-19 na intenção de viajar, e testar o efeito mediador da confiança na vacina na relação entre este medo e a intenção de viajar. Neste contexto, foi criado um modelo estrutural para examinar a relação entre essas três variáveis: medo da Covid-19, intenção de viajar e confiança na vacina. Um estudo de caso quantitativo empírico, a partir de dados coletados junto a 467 funcionários públicos da Turquia, foi conduzido utilizando um modelo estrutural para testar o comportamento das três variáveis juntas, utilizando o pacote Ibm Amos 24. No final da análise, verificou-se que o medo da Covid-19 afetou significativa e negativamente a intenção de viajar, enquanto o medo da Covid-19, a confiança na vacina, e não foi encontrada nenhuma relação significativa entre a confiança na vacina e a intenção de viagem. No modelo em que o efeito de mediação foi testado, descobriu-se que a confiança na vacina não teve um efeito mediador na relação entre o medo da Covid-19 e a intenção de viagem. Considerando estes resultados, foram feitas sugestões para que os tomadores de decisão no segmento de viagens, turismo e hospitalidade, pudessem se recuperar após a pandemia para criar um plano de políticas e estratégias.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Turismo; Covid-19; Medo; Vacina; Intenção de Viajar, Turquia.
AUTORIA
Gökhan Onat: Master. PhD candidate in the Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts at Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University. He is a research assistant at Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5072-948X Email: gokhan.onat@erdogan.edu.tr
Yusuf Karakuş: Doctor. Professors in the Ardeşen Vocational School, Department of Tourism and Travel Services at Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University in Turkey, Rize, Turkey. He is also associate editor of Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-3134 Email: yusuf.karakus@erdogan.edu.tr ,
Thiago Duarte Pimentel: Doctor. PhD of Social Sciences/UFJF (2012). Professor and full time researcher at Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de For a, MG, Brasil. Curriculum: http://lattes.cnpq.br/9841188234449467 E-mail: thiago.pimentel@ich.ufjf.br
Yunus Doğan: Master. PhD candidate in the Department of Tourism Management, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University. He works as a full-time employee at the Social Security Institution of Turkey, Rize, Turkey. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3145-8404 Email: yunus.dogan23@hotmail.com
REFERENCES
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of Covid-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. Link
Aljazeera. (2020, 03 junho). Coronavirus: travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country | coronavirus pandemic news. Al Jazeera. Link
Atay, L. (2020). KOVID-19 Salgını ve Turizme Etkileri. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 17(1), 168–172. Link
Ayittey, F. K., Ayittey, M. K., Chiwero, N. B., Kamasah, J. S., & Dzuvor, C. (2020). Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019‐nCoV on China and the world. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(5), 473–475. Link
Bentler, P. M. (1992). On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 112(3), 400-404. Link
Boğan, E., & Dedeoğlu, B. B. (2019). The influence of corporate social responsibility in hospitality establishments on students’ level of commitment and intention to recommend. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 25, 100205. Link
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2009). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Çetinkaya, F. Ö., & Şahbaz, R. P. (2019). Sosyal medyada gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun kişinin tatil satın alma niyetine etkisi. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 383–402. Link
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Kızılay, Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
covid19-druginteractions.org. (2020). Liverpool Covid-19 Interactions. Covid-19 – Drug Interactions. Link
De Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2008). The processing of fear-arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence, 3(2), 84-113. Link
Dedeoğlu, B. B., Balıkçıoğlu, S., & Küçükergin, K. G. (2016). The role of touristsʼ value perceptions in behavioral intentions: the moderating effect of gender. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 33(4), 513–534. Link
Dedeoğlu, B. B., & Demirer, H. (2015). Differences in service quality perceptions of stakeholders in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(1), 130-146. Link
Demir, M., Günaydın, Y., & Demir, Ş. Ş. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgınının Türkiye’de turizm üzerindeki öncülleri, etkileri ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 80-107. Link
Doll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument. MIS Quarterly, 453-461.
Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against Covid-19. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779. Link
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994). An Introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman and Hall-CRC.
Eichelberger, L. (2007). SARS and New York’s Chinatown: The politics of risk and blame during an epidemic of fear. Social Science and Medicine, 65(6), 1284-1295. Link
Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. Link
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Link
Goodman, J., & Carmichael, F. (2020, 30 maio). Coronavirus: Bill Gates ‘microchip’ conspiracy theory and other vaccine claims fact-checked. BBC News. Link
Guo, Q., Zheng, Y., Shi, J., Wang, J., Li, G., Li, C., … Yang, Z. (2020). Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: A mixed-method study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 17-27. Link
Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri (V. 2). Ankara: Sözkesen Matbaacılık Tic. Ltd. Şt.
Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in Covid-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188. Link
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis (Pearson Ne). Pearson Higher Ed.
Hair, Joseph F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer On Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond baron and kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. Link
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. Link
İbiş, S. (2020). Covıd-19 salgınının seyahat acentaları üzerine etkisi. Safran Kültür ve Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 85–98. Link
Karakuş, Y., & Kalay, N. (2017). A study on the concept and causes of destination rejection. International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 13(3), 1-16. Link
Kıvılcım, B. (2020). Covıd-19 (yeni koronavirüs) salgınının turizm sektörüne muhtemel etkileri. Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 17–27. Link
Korstanje, M. E. & George, B. (2021). The Nature and Future of Tourism a Post-COVID-19 Context. AAP - Apple Academic Press (Hospitality and Tourism Series), USA.
Kozak, M. A., & Doğan, M. (2014). Dinleme davranışının müşterinin satın alma niyeti ve satın alma davranışına etkisi: Seyahat acentası satış temsilcileri kapsamında bir araştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 57-84. Link
ktb.gov.tr. (2020). 2019 yılı konaklama istatistikleri yıllık bülten özeti. Link
Kurtuluş, K. (2010). Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Türkmen Kitapevi.
Latkin, C. A., Dayton, L., Yi, G., Konstantopoulos, A., & Boodram, B. (2021). Trust in a Covid-19 vaccine in the U.S.: A social-ecological perspective. Social Science and Medicine, 270, 113684. Link
Ledermann, T., & Macho, S. (2009). Mediation in dyadic data at the level of the dyads: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(5), 661-670. Link
Lovelace, B. J. (2020). World Health Organization names the new coronavirus: Covid-19. CNBC – Health and Science. Link
Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to Covid-19. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897-908. Link
Lucia, V. C., Kelekar, A., & Afonso, N. M. (2020). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. Journal of Public Health, 1-5. Link
Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of Covid-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1-11. Link
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99128. Link
Magano, J., Vidal, D. G., e Sousa, H. F. P., Pimenta Dinis, M. A., & Leite, Â. (2021). Validation and psychometric properties of the portuguese version of the coronavirus anxiety scale (Cas) and fear of Covid-19 scale (fcv-19s) and associations with travel, tourism and hospitality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 1-14. Link
Malik, A. A., McFadden, S. A. M., Elharake, J., & Omer, S. B. (2020). Determinants of Covid-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine, 26, 100495. Link
Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of Covid-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073. Link
Marsh, H W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: the effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391-410. Link
Marsh, Herbert W., & Hau, K.-T. (1996). Assessing goodness of fit: is parsimony always desirable? The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(4), 364-390. Link
Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-445. Link
Nakip, M. (2006). Pazarlama Araştırmaları Teknikler ve (SPSS Destekli) Uygulamalar. Ankara: seçkin Yayıncılık ve san. ve Tic. Aş.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., … Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. Link
Onat, G., & Eren, D. (2020). The impacts of perceived overqualification on employee performance: a case of chefs. Tourism & Management Studies, 16(4), 35-44. Link
Ozawa, S., & Stack, M. L. (2013, August). Public trust and vaccine acceptance-international perspectives. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 9(8), 1774-1778. Link
Özkoçak, V., Koç, F., & Gültekin, T. (2020). Pandemilere Antropolojik Bakış: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Örneği. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(2), 1183-1195. Link
Person, B., Sy, F., Holton, K., Govert, B., Liang, A., Garza, B., … Zauderer, L. (2004). Fear and Stigma: The epidemic within the SARS outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(2), 358-363. Link
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. Link
Qiu, R. T. R., Park, J., Li, S. N., & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102994. Link
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005, August 19). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 212-225. Link
Ringle, C., Da Silva, D., & Bido, D. (2015). Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Bido, D., Da Silva, D., & Ringle, C. (2014). Structural Equation Modeling with the Smartpls. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2). Link
Renieris, E. M. (2021). What’s really at stake with vaccine passports. Centre for International Governance Innovation. Link
Ruan, W., Kang, S., & Song, H. J. (2020). Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: a case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(16), 2027-2041. Link
sbb.gov.tr. (2021). Kamu İstihdamı - T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı - SBB. Link
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. Link
Science Conversation. (2020). Covid-19 - Science in 5: Episode #1 - Herd immunity. World Health Organization. Link
Strong, P. (1990). Epidemic psychology: a model. Sociology of Health & Illness, 12(3), 249-259. Link
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using Multivariate Statistics: Pearson new international edition. Pearson Educat ion Limited.
Türkmen, M., & Özsarı, A. (2020). Covid-19 salgını ve spor sektörüne etkileri. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 8(2), 55-67. Link
Üstün, Ç., & Özçiftçi, S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin sosyal yaşam ve etik düzlem üzerine etkileri: Bir değerlendirme çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Special Issue on Covid 19), 142-153. Link
Vergara, R. J. D., Sarmiento, P. J. D., & Lagman, J. D. N. (2021). Building public trust: a response to Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy predicament. Journal of Public Health, 43(2), 291-292. Link
Verger, P., & Dubé, E. (2020). Restoring confidence in vaccines in the Covid-19 era. Expert Review of Vaccines, 19(11), 991-993. Link
Ward, J. K., Peretti-Watel, P., Bocquier, A., Seror, V., & Verger, P. (2019, October 1). Vaccine hesitancy and coercion: all eyes on France. Nature Immunology, 20, 1257-1259. Link
Who. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) Situation Report-113. Link
Who (2020b). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19 - 11 March 2020. Link
Who. (2021). Infodemic. Link
Williams, J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Resampling and distribution of the product methods for testing indirect effects in complex models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15(1), 23-51. Link
worldometers.info. (2021). COVID Live Update: 165,662,381 Cases and 3,434,027 Deaths from the Coronavirus - Worldometer. Link
Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimóthy, S. (2021). Too afraid to Travel? Development of a Pandemic (Covid-19) Anxiety Travel Scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, 104286. Link
Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after Covid-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear.’ Tourism Management, 83, 104261. Link
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
Os Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Attribution License que permitindo o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
