Sistemas de tratamento de efluentes de vinícola: tendências e desafios
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18226/25253824.v8.n13.16Palabras clave:
Efluente industrial, Tratamentos biológicos, Wetlands construídos, Processos oxidativos avançados, Células microbianas de combustívelResumen
A produção de vinho é uma prática milenar com fortes aspectos culturais e econômicos. Entretanto, vinícolas descartam 0,2 a 14 litros de efluentes por litro de vinho produzido e as crescentes pressões ambientais requerem o uso de tecnologias cada vez mais eficientes para seus tratamentos. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão sistemática de literatura para identificar os desafios e tendências nos sistemas de tratamento de efluentes de vinícola. A revisão analisou 122 estudos publicados entre 2013 e 2022. Tratamentos biológicos são os mais investigados e apresentam remoções médias de 85% de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). Entretanto, esses sistemas apresentam dificuldades na remoção de cor, polifenóis e nutrientes. Pesquisas exitosas buscam superar esse desafio com a adição de algas e fungos nos reatores. Os tratamentos físico-químicos geralmente apresentam maior custo de operação, porém podem ser mais adaptáveis às sazonalidades na produção. Os wetlands construídos apresentam boas remoções de nutrientes. Porém, a área requerida os limita a agroindústrias de menor porte. Outros sistemas avançados apresentam tendências positivas, seja pela possibilidade de reaproveitamento de energia elétrica, a exemplo das células microbianas de combustível (MFCs), ou pelo reaproveitamento de resíduos da própria indústria no sistema. A presente revisão sistemática de literatura sobre os sistemas de tratamento de efluentes de vinícola fornece uma visão sobre o estado da arte nesse campo e destaca a tendência de desenvolvimento de soluções mais sustentáveis e eficientes para minimizar os impactos ambientais da agroindústria.
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